ADHD knowledge

ADHD affects millions of people worldwide —but there's still a lot of confusion surrounding this form of neurodivergence (brain differences). To help you better understand ADHD, we've compiled this comprehensive FAQ.

What is ADHD?

ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurological developmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Some people with ADHD, however, display less outwardly inattentive behavior while internally being very tense and nervous (the inattentive ADHD subtype). These people are particularly noticeable for their absentmindedness and daydreaming .

ADHD affects people of all ages but is often diagnosed in childhood. People with ADHD often have difficulty organizing tasks, concentrating, and controlling their impulses, which can negatively impact their daily lives and academic performance.

In ADHD, the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain is altered. Dopamine and noradrenaline, in particular, play a role. Medications for ADHD can be used to regulate these imbalanced neurotransmitters.

Are there different types of ADHD?

Yes. The DSM-IV defines attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in three subtypes : the mixed type (ADHD-C), the predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), and the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-H/I).

1. Mixed type (ADHD-C): This is the most common subtype. It includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
2. Predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I): This subtype is mainly characterized by inattention/daydreaming and disorganization.
3. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (ADHD-H/I): Individuals with this subtype primarily show hyperactivity and impulsivity.

What are the main symptoms of ADHD?

The symptoms of ADHD are usually divided into three categories: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

- Inattention : difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, difficulty organizing tasks, frequent daydreaming and careless mistakes.

- Hyperactivity : Constant fidgeting, excessive talking, difficulty staying seated, always being on the go.

- Impulsivity : Interrupting others, being impatient, making decisions without thinking them through, engaging in risky behaviors, and seemingly unprovoked, violent outbursts of anger.

Can adults have ADHD?

Yes. ADHD does not disappear with age. Many people diagnosed with ADHD as children continue to experience symptoms in adulthood. There are also adults who were not diagnosed as children but still meet the criteria for an ADHD diagnosis. People with undiagnosed People with adult ADHD may turn to stimulant drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines to manage their symptoms ( self-medication ). Stimulants have the opposite effect on people with ADHD: they have a calming effect. However, people with undiagnosed ADHD also often turn to alcohol to escape life's difficulties—or in the hope of sleeping better, staying calm enough to concentrate, and coping with work or school.

What causes ADHD?

The most important cause of ADHD is genetic predisposition. ADHD can therefore be inherited. Interesting facts about ADHD and heredity:

• Identical twins are both affected by ADHD in approximately 60-80% of cases
• Fraternal twins only have ADHD in about 35% of cases
• First-degree relatives (father, mother, children) have a three- to five-fold increased probability of also suffering from ADHD

In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences (i.e. external influences) play a role in the development of ADHD:

• premature birth
• Birth complications
• Drug and nicotine use during pregnancy

In addition, certain other factors/aspects can negatively influence the course of ADHD or worsen the symptoms:

• Increased TV and other media consumption (tablet, smartphone)
• Living in the big city without open space, without room for movement
• Parenting style and the parent-child relationship can also play a role in the progression of ADHD. Absent and often stressed parents are a negative factor (daily role model).

How is ADHD diagnosed?

Psychologists use a combination of interviews, questionnaires, and observations to gather information about the behavior, symptoms, and functioning of individuals with possible ADHD.

• Special ADHD questionnaires are usually used as the basis for diagnosis . They help patients better assess their symptoms.
• Physical examination (to rule out other underlying diseases), e.g., thyroid examination, blood test, ECG
• Conversations with caregivers: A doctor's consultation with your partner and a caregiver from childhood (often the patient can no longer remember the symptoms themselves, but others can still describe the specific features well); a look at primary school reports is also often helpful.
• Conducting special tests, determining cognitive performance and attention performance

When diagnosing ADHD, it is also important to rule out other mental illnesses, such as depression or addiction , as possible causes. ADHD can sometimes be accompanied by another mental illness—often depression. For an individually tailored treatment, it is essential that all causal factors are identified and included in the treatment plan.

Can ADHD also be detected in the brain?

Modern imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) have made it possible to examine brain structure and function in ADHD patients . The result: ADHD primarily affects brain regions that play a role in behavior control and attention.

In relation to the brain, ADHD can therefore be understood as a disorder of higher action functions ( so-called executive functions ), which then makes seemingly natural everyday tasks impossible. Not always – but repeatedly. Those affected are therefore unable to consistently translate their knowledge and desires into action, i.e., ideally always. Although the knowledge required to complete the tasks is available, the goal is achieved less frequently than would be expected given the level of education and motivation of those affected by ADHD. This results in a lack of self-control and impaired attention.

How is ADHD treated?

Treatment for ADHD typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. The most common medications prescribed for ADHD are stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine , which improve concentration and reduce hyperactivity. Non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine are also available. Behavioral therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) can help those affected develop ADHD coping strategies and improve their overall functioning. Finally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise , a healthy diet , and proper sleep hygiene can also help manage ADHD symptoms (> natural increase in the neurotransmitters dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain).

Can ADHD be cured?

There is currently no cure for ADHD , but with proper treatment and support, those affected can effectively manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Early intervention and ongoing support are critical to the success of people with ADHD.

How does ADHD affect school performance?

ADHD can impact various aspects of a student's academic performance , including attention, organization, time management, and impulse control. Students with ADHD often have difficulty staying on task, following instructions, and completing tasks. However, with the right support and accommodations, such as extra time for tests, a structured environment, and individualized help, students with ADHD can succeed in school .

What are the most common misconceptions about ADHD?

- Myth: ADHD is just an excuse for bad behavior. Fact: ADHD is a true neurological developmental disorder with biological and genetic roots.

- Myth: People with ADHD are simply lazy. Fact: ADHD doesn't reflect a person's motivation or effort. Instead, it impairs the ability to concentrate, execute concrete tasks, and control impulses .

- Myth: Only children have ADHD. Fact: ADHD affects people of all ages, including adults.

- Myth: Medication is the only treatment option for ADHD. Fact: While medication can be helpful, a comprehensive treatment plan should also include therapy, lifestyle changes, and support.

How can I support a loved one with ADHD?

Supporting a loved one with ADHD can make a significant difference in their life. Here are some ways you can help :

1. Learn about ADHD to better understand the experiences and challenges faced by those affected.
2. Be patient and compassionate and acknowledge that their difficulties are not due to laziness or lack of effort.
3. Encourage open communication about their problems and feelings.
4. Help them develop organizational strategies, schedules, and routines.
5. Work with them to find the right support, such as therapy or educational programs.

Can someone with ADHD lead a successful life?

Absolutely! Many people with ADHD lead successful and fulfilling lives. The key is to find effective strategies for managing symptoms, seeking the right support, and building on unique strengths (such as hyperfocus, creativity, openness, and flexibility). Notable people diagnosed with ADHD include singer and actor Justin Timberlake, "gymnast of the century" Simone Biles, and multi-billionaire Sir Richard Branson, all of whom have achieved great success in their respective fields.

"ADHD...that's another trendy thing. Everyone has something these days."

Okay, that wasn't a question. But we've heard it many times before. We also have a funny answer for brave souls. You should be healthy and not have any heart problems. Then take the medication dose of someone with mild or moderate ADHD for breakfast. During the first 15-30 minutes, before the effects take effect, remember: This is the substance that makes people with ADHD outwardly calm and inwardly relaxed. You'll probably still be thinking this in disbelief when you're pacing around at 1 a.m. and just can't sleep. Or when you find your heart palpitations a bit unpleasant. And don't forget: People with severe ADHD take more than three times that amount. Well...at least you learned something. That also applies to my long-time friend :)

The bottom line: ADHD is undoubtedly a challenge for those affected and those around them. However, with the right knowledge, treatment, and support, people with ADHD can overcome their obstacles and find happiness and success. This FAQ is just a start—keep searching for information, resources, and guidance to better understand and support yourself or others with ADHD.

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