Hunters in a world of farmers?: The hunter-farmer hypothesis on ADHD

ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a widespread behavioral disorder in children and adults (around 5% of the population).

Over the years, researchers have developed various theories to explain the causes and evolutionary background of ADHD. One such theory is the so-called " hunter-farmer hypothesis , " originating from the American author Thom Hartmann . He sees ADHD as a genetic norm that fits less well into a fully industrialized world of organizers and administrators than in earlier hunter-gatherer societies. People with ADHD are essentially the hunter-gatherer remnants of that era.

In this blog, we will look at five characteristics of ADHD that Hartmann suggests may have been advantageous for hunter-gatherers, but are less useful in today's agricultural society.

1. Hyperfocus: One of the most common characteristics of ADHD is the ability to focus intensely on a particular task or interest, often at the expense of other tasks or obligations. According to Hartmann, this hyperfocus would have been of great benefit in the hunter-gatherer world, allowing individuals to concentrate on tracking prey or locating edible plants. However, in an agricultural society where routine and structure are central, this tendency can lead to difficulties in performing everyday duties.

2. Spontaneity and creativity: Many people with ADHD are strikingly spontaneous and creative, often thinking "outside the box." Hartmann argues that this ability to quickly adapt to new situations and solve problems could have been advantageous in the hunter-gatherer world , especially in a constantly changing (nomadic) environment. However, in a sedentary, agricultural society, where planning and foresight are important, this spontaneity can sometimes cause difficulties and lead to impulsive behavior.

3. High energy levels: ADHD is often associated with increased energy , both physical and mental. Hartmann notes that this energy could serve as an advantage for hunter-gatherers, allowing them to travel long distances, hunt prey, or gather resources. However, in the modern world, especially in structured environments like schools or offices, this excess energy can be perceived as hyperactivity and lead to distractions or conflict.

4. Risk-taking: People with ADHD tend to be more risk-averse than others. Hartmann explains that in the hunter-gatherer world, a certain degree of risk-taking was necessary to hunt successfully, explore new territories, or survive in potentially dangerous situations. However, in an agricultural society, where security and stability are often more highly valued, this risk-taking can be viewed as maladaptive, imprudent, or foolhardy—and potentially lead to undesirable consequences.

5. Rapid adaptability: Another characteristic of ADHD that Hartmann highlights is the ability to react quickly to changes in the environment or to new information . In the world of hunters and gatherers, this rapid responsiveness could have provided a crucial survival advantage by enabling quick decisions while hunting or in dangerous situations. However, in an agricultural society where long-term planning and forward-thinking are valued, this rapid responsiveness can be viewed as distractibility or impulsiveness , leading to difficulties in social or occupational settings.

Summary: Thom Hartmann's "Hunter-Farmer Hypothesis" offers interesting insight into the possible evolutionary origins of ADHD and demonstrates how certain behaviors and traits can be beneficial or problematic in different contexts. While this theory certainly doesn't explain all aspects of ADHD, it does provide a reminder that the evaluation of behaviors and traits should always be done in the context of the particular environment and culture.

It's important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of people with ADHD —and to find ways to maximize their abilities in modern society. By broadening our perspective on ADHD and recognizing these traits as potential strengths, we can find a more inclusive and adaptive approach to education, the workplace, and social life.

If that's not so important to you, feel free to shut down your PC and get used to Linux or MacOS. You have Bill Gates to thank for Windows, a man diagnosed with ADHD.